Implementing alcohol use disorder pharmacotherapy in primary care settings: a qualitative analysis of provider-identified barriers and impact on implementation outcomes

Table 1 Facility characteristics, champion characteristics and quantitative implementation outcome measures

	Site 1	Site 2	Site 3
Facility characteristics
Geographic region	South	Midwest	Midwest
Complexity*	1A	1B	1A
Number of primary care providers	63	47	93
Number of primary care provider interviews completed	10	5	9
Percent of primary care providers interviewed	16%	11%	10%
Substance use disorders champions
Training	Addiction psychiatrist, board certified in addiction psychiatry and addiction medicine	Primary care physician, board certified in addiction medicine	Addiction psychiatrist, board certified in addiction psychiatry
Years of experience	20	15	30 +
Supervisory role	Addiction medicine fellowship director	Addiction medicine fellowship director	Addiction medicine fellowship director
Primary care mental health integration champions
Training	Clinical pharmacy specialist	Clinical social worker	Clinical psychologist
Years of experience	3	20 +	22
Supervisory role	None	Co-director, primary care mental health integration	Director, primary care mental health integration
Total hours of champion time documented	380	103	82
Pre-implementation prescribing rate	3.6%	4.3%	3.4%
Post-implementation prescribing rate	6.3%	4.6%	5.5%
% Difference	2.7% (ns)	0.3% (ns)	2.1% (p < 0.01)
% Relative increase	75%	7%	62%

*Complexity rating for VHA hospitals employs several variables, including the total number of patients served by the facility, the number and types of intensive care units in the facility, the number of resident programs and the total number of resident slots available, the total amount of research dollars managed by a facility, and the number and breath of physician specialists employed by the facility. 1 = High Complexity (A representing highest level in this category followed by B and C); 2 = Medium Complexity; 3 = Low Complexity

ISSN: 1940-0640